Fish

21 September 2016 by Alan

Manali Trip 2008 – The Great Fish River Museum

Manali Trip 2008 Image by DJ SINGH Manali, (alt. 1,950 m or 6,398 ft) in the Beas River valley, is an important hill station in the Himalayan mountains of Himachal Pradesh, India, near the northern end of the Kullu Valley. Manali is administratively a part of the Kullu district. The population is approx. 30,000. The …

Manali Trip 2008
The Great Fish River museum
Image by DJ SINGH
Manali, (alt. 1,950 m or 6,398 ft) in the Beas River valley, is an important hill station in the Himalayan mountains of Himachal Pradesh, India, near the northern end of the Kullu Valley. Manali is administratively a part of the Kullu district. The population is approx. 30,000. The small town was the beginning of an ancient trade route to Ladakh and, from there, over the Karakoram Pass on to Yarkand and Khotan in the Tarim Basin. Manali and its surrounding areas are of great significance to the Indian culture and heritage as it was the home and abode of the Saptarshi or seven sages. The ancient cave temple, Hidimba Devi Temple, is not far from town.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Geography
* 2 Demographics
* 3 Etymology
* 4 History
* 5 Transport
* 6 Tourism in Manali
o 6.1 Tourist Attractions
o 6.2 Places around Manali
o 6.3 Adventure Sports
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 External links

[edit] Geography

Manali is located at [show location on an interactive map] 32°10?N 77°06?E? / ?32.16, 77.1[1]. It has an average elevation of 2625 metres (8612 feet).

[edit] Demographics

As of 2001 India census[2], Manali had a population of 6265. Males constitute 64% of the population and females 36%. Manali has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 63%. In Manali, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

[edit] Etymology

Manali is named after the Brahmin lawgiver Manu. The word Manali literally means “the abode of Manu”. Legend has it that sage Manu stepped off his ark in Manali to recreate human life after a great flood had deluged the world. Manali is known as the "Valley of the Gods". The Old Manali village has an ancient temple dedicated to sage Manu.

[edit] History

In ancient times, the valley was sparsely populated by nomadic hunters known as "rakshas". The next arrivals were the shepherds who arrived from the Kangra valley and settled to take up agriculture. Some of the earliest inhabitants of the region are the ‘naur’ or ‘nar’, which is a caste unique to the Kullu valley. Only a few naur families are known to exist now. A naur family in the village Soyal near Haripur on the west bank of Manali was famous for the vast land they owned and their practice of having ‘rakshas’ as their labourers.

The British were responsible for introducing apples and trout which were not native to Manali. It is said that when apple trees were first planted the fruits were so plentiful that often branches, unable to bear the weight would collapse. To this day apple along with plum and pear remains the best source of income for the majority of its inhabitants.

Tourism in Manali received a real boost after the rise of militancy in Kashmir in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with hundreds of hotels and restaurants.

[edit] Transport
Mall street, Manali

Manali is well connected by road to Delhi through NH-21 which goes on the Leh and is the world’s highest motorable road.[citation needed] Leading up to Manali from New Delhi are the towns of Panipat and Ambala in Haryana, Chandigarh(Union Territory), Ropar in Punjab, and Bilaspur, Sundernagar, and Mandi in Himachal.

Manali is not easily approachable by rail. The nearest broad gauge railheads are at Chandigarh (315 km), Pathankot (325 km) and Kalka (310 km). The nearest narrow gauge railhead is at Joginder Nagar (135 km)

The nearest airport is at Bhuntar, which is about 50 km from Manali. The only private airline in the region is Jagson Airlines. Offlate services have been started by Air Deccan as well as Indian Airlines who fly daily to Bhuntar Airport.

[edit] Tourism in Manali
Traditional home, Manali, 2004
River Beas and mountains as seen from Van Vihar
A view of Rohtang Pass in Manali
Mountain ranges in Manali
Bridge in the middle of town with prayer flags
Buddha Statue at Buddhist monastery
Image:Snowfallinmanali.JPG
A view of Circuit House Road covered in snow

[edit] Tourist Attractions

Manali is a popular Himalayan tourist destination and accounts for nearly a quarter of all tourist arrivals in Himachal Pradesh. It is visited by many trekkers who follow the hashish trail. Manali’s charas is considered to be the best in India. The valleys provide natural U.V lights as fields are high up the mountain and high grade grows directly from the sunlight.ala. Manali’s cool atmosphere provides a perfect haven for the ones afflicted by the hot Indian summers. It is famous for adventure sports like skiing, hiking, mountaineering, para gliding, rafting, trekking, kayaking, and mountain biking. It also offers hot springs, spectacular religious shrines and temples, Tibetan Buddhist temples, and trekking in the surrounding mountains.

Naggar Fort south of Manali is a reminder of the 1500 year old Pal Dynasty. Made from rocks, stones, and elaborate wood carvings, it is an ensemble of the rich and elegant artworks of Himachal. The castle was later converted to a rest house and luxury hotel. Tourists often stop at the castle to see the small shrine located in the building’s courtyard, a fine example of architecture and design from the Pal Dynasty.

The often visited site in Manali is the Dhungri or Hadimba Temple. Erected in 1533, this temple is dedicated to the local deity Hadimba, wife of the Pandava prince, Bhim. A major festival is held here in the month of May. The temple is noted for its four-storeyed pagoda and exquisite wooden carvings.

Manali is known for its shiny gompas or Buddhist monasteries. With the highest concentration of Tibetan refugees in the entire Kullu valley, it is famous for its Gadhan Thekchhokling Gompa, built in 1969. The monastery is maintained by donations from the local community and through the sale of hand-woven carpets in the temple workshop

The smaller and more modern Himalayan Nyingamapa Gompa stands nearer the bazaar, in a garden blooming with sunflowers. Its main shrine, lit by dozens of electric bulbs and fragrant with Tibetan incense, houses a colossal gold-faced Buddha, best viewed from the small room on the first floor.

The Museum of Traditional Himachal Culture, near the Hadimba temple, is worth a visit, which houses artifacts of folk art of the entire Kullu valley.

[edit] Places around Manali

Rohtang Pass, at an altitude of 13,050 feet above sea level, is another adventure tourist site where it can be cold even on a summer day. It is the highest point on the Manali-Keylong road and provides a wide panoramic view of mountains rising far above clouds, which is truly breath taking. Close by is a small lake called Dassaur Lake. Beas Kund, the source of river Beas, is also nearby. In winter, the road of Rothang Pass is closed.

Rahala waterfalls: About 16 km from Manali at the start of the climb to the Rohtang Pass, are the beautiful Rahalla Falls at an altitude of 2,501 m.

Monasteries: Manali is known for its shiny gompas or Buddhist monasteries. It is maintained by donations from the local community and by sale of hand-woven carpets in the temple workshop.

Rani Nala – 46 km from Manali, it is the glacier point where snow is available throughout the year.

Vashist Hot Water Springs and Temple: Around 3 km from Manali, across the Beas river is Vashist, a small village with natural sulphur springs. Modern bathhouses,now closed, due to a conflict with the elders of the village and Manali council. Vasistha [3] a sage narrated Yoga Vasishtha an ancient scripture to Rama. A unique and an extremely profound discourse, that provides innumerable insights and secrets to the inner world of consciousness. This extremely huge scripture covers all the topics that relate to the spiritual study of a seeker. Vaishisht, also boasts a pair of old stone temples, opposite each other above the main square. Dedicated to the local patron saint Vashista, the smaller of the two opens on to a partially covered courtyard, and is adorned with elaborate woodcarvings those lining the interior of the shrine, blackened by years of oil-lamp and incense smoke, are particularly fine. In this ornate quadrangle is the resting place of the local and transient sadhus, drinking chai, and smoking chillums with whoever will join them in reverence to The Lord Shiva and Guru Vashshist. The temple baths are separated into male and female and the water is often unbearably hot.

Solang valley, popularly known as Snow Point, is 13 km northwest of Manali and famous for its 300-meter ski lift. It is a picturesque spot and offers splendid views of glaciers and the snow-capped mountains. Jagatsukh, the former capital of Manali, is also an important spot.

At a distance of 3 km northwest of Manali is Old Manali, famous for its orchards and old guesthouses. There is ruined fort here by the name of Manaligarh. There is also the Manu Maharishi Temple, dedicated to sage Manu.

Manikaran: 85 km from Manali and 45 km from Kullu, lies in the Parvati Valley. Here icy cold waters of the Parvati river co-exist with hot-water springs side-by-side. The springs are known for their healing properties.

[edit] Adventure Sports

Skiing is a major pastime in Manali. Facilities for skiing are available at Solang Nullah (January-March) and Rohtang La (during summer). The Mountaineering Institute at Solang Nullah is a good training institute. Heli skiing is possible at the deep snowfields.
Skiing at Solang

The Mountaineering Institute and Allied Sports is about 3 km from the Mall and offers mountaineering and kayaking courses. Kayaking is possible on the Beas River.

There are several good hikes from Manali. The 12 km hike up the western banks of the Beas to the Solang Valley is noteworthy. Lama Dugh meadow is a 6 km hike up to the Manalsu Nala, west of Manali town.

For the best trekking expedition, take a trek from Solang Valley, on to Dhundhi and from there to Dussar lake and then onwards to Manali. This stretch will take you to places you would have only dreamt of. Pure, unadulterated adventure and fun. Be sure to have a good guide at your disposal who knows this area otherwise you would be lost forever. The trek would typically last for 5 days.

In the summers, several travel agencies organize paragliding on the slopes of the Solang Nullah. The charges generally include accommodation, food, equipment, and a guide, but not transport.

From May to July and, depending on the monsoons, from mid-September to mid-October, some basic rafting is possible on the Beas. The trips generally begin at Pirdi and continue 16 km down to Jhiri.

The HPTDC provides day permits for fishing. Permits can be obtained also at Patlikhul. Angling in the Kullu valley is possible at Larji, Katrain and Kasol.

Beas Kund is the lake from which the River Beas originates. It is considered holy and sacred. Besides being a holy pilgrimage place, it is a popular destination for trekking.
River Crossing over Beas is a popular sport in Manali

Manali is among the most popular adventure sports destinations in India. Manali offers opportunities for mountaineering, skiing, trekking, paragliding, white water rafting, river crossing and mountain biking. Yak skiing is a sport unique to this area.[4]. Manali also featured in Time magazine’s "Best of Asia" for its "Extreme Yak Sports".[4]

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20 September 2016 by Alan

suburban does bleak (cobalt) – The Great Fish River Museum

suburban does bleak (cobalt) Image by D.C.Atty Juneteenth is the oldest known celebration commemorating the ending of slavery in the United States. Dating back to 1865, it was on June 19th that the Union soldiers, led by Major General Gordon Granger, landed at Galveston, Texas with news that the war had ended and that the …

suburban does bleak (cobalt)
The Great Fish River museum
Image by D.C.Atty
Juneteenth is the oldest known celebration commemorating the ending of slavery in the United States. Dating back to 1865, it was on June 19th that the Union soldiers, led by Major General Gordon Granger, landed at Galveston, Texas with news that the war had ended and that the enslaved were now free. Note that this was two and a half years after President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation – which had become official January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation had little impact on the Texans due to the minimal number of Union troops to enforce the new Executive order. However, with the surrender of General Lee in April of 1865, and the arrival of General Granger’s regiment, the forces were finally strong enough to influence and overcome the resistance.

Later attempts to explain this two and a half year delay in the receipt of this important news have yielded several versions that have been handed down through the years. Often told is the story of a messenger who was murdered on his way to Texas with the news of freedom. Another, is that the news was deliberately withheld by the enslavers to maintain the labor force on the plantations. And still another, is that federal troops actually waited for the slave owners to reap the benefits of one last cotton harvest before going to Texas to enforce the Emancipation Proclamation. All or none of them could be true. For whatever the reason, conditions in Texas remained status quo well beyond what was statutory.

General Order Number 3

One of General Granger’s first orders of business was to read to the people of Texas, General Order Number 3 which began most significantly with:

"The people of Texas are informed that in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and free laborer."

The reactions to this profound news ranged from pure shock to immediate jubilation. While many lingered to learn of this new employer to employee relationship, many left before these offers were completely off the lips of their former ‘masters’ – attesting to the varying conditions on the plantations and the realization of freedom. Even with nowhere to go, many felt that leaving the plantation would be their first grasp of freedom. North was a logical destination and for many it represented true freedom, while the desire to reach family members in neighboring states drove the some into Louisiana, Arkansas and Oklahoma. Settling into these new areas as free men and women brought on new realities and the challenges of establishing a heretofore non-existent status for black people in America. Recounting the memories of that great day in June of 1865 and its festivities would serve as motivation as well as a release from the growing pressures encountered in their new territory. The celebration of June 19th was coined "Juneteenth" and grew with more participation from descendants. The Juneteenth celebration was a time for reassuring each other, for praying and for gathering remaining family members. Juneteenth continued to be highly revered in Texas decades later, with many former slaves and descendants making an annual pilgrimage back to Galveston on this date.

Juneteenth Festivities and Food

A range of activities were provided to entertain the masses, many of which continue in tradition today. Rodeos, fishing, barbecuing and baseball are just a few of the typical Juneteenth activities you may witness today. Juneteenth almost always focused on education and self improvement. Thus often guest speakers are brought in and the elders are called upon to recount the events of the past. Prayer services were also a major part of these celebrations.

Certain foods became popular and subsequently synonymous with Juneteenth celebrations such as strawberry soda-pop. More traditional and just as popular was the barbecuing, through which Juneteenth participants could share in the spirit and aromas that their ancestors – the newly emancipated African Americans, would have experienced during their ceremonies. Hence, the barbecue pit is often established as the center of attention at Juneteenth celebrations.

Food was abundant because everyone prepared a special dish. Meats such as lamb, pork and beef which not available everyday were brought on this special occasion. A true Juneteenth celebrations left visitors well satisfied and with enough conversation to last until the next.

Dress was also an important element in early Juneteenth customs and is often still taken seriously, particularly by the direct descendants who can make the connection to this tradition’s roots. During slavery there were laws on the books in many areas that prohibited or limited the dressing of the enslaved. During the initial days of the emancipation celebrations, there are accounts of former slaves tossing their ragged garments into the creeks and rivers to adorn clothing taken from the plantations belonging to their former ‘masters’.

Juneteenth and Society

In the early years, little interest existed outside the African American community in participation in the celebrations. In some cases, there was outwardly exhibited resistance by barring the use of public property for the festivities. Most of the festivities found themselves out in rural areas around rivers and creeks that could provide for additional activities such as fishing, horseback riding and barbecues. Often the church grounds was the site for such activities. Eventually, as African Americans became land owners, land was donated and dedicated for these festivities. One of the earliest documented land purchases in the name of Juneteenth was organized by Rev. Jack Yates. This fund-raising effort yielded 00 and the purchase of Emancipation Park in Houston, Texas. In Mexia, the local Juneteenth organization purchased Booker T. Washington Park, which had become the Juneteenth celebration site in 1898. There are accounts of Juneteenth activities being interrupted and halted by white landowners demanding that their laborers return to work. However, it seems most allowed their workers the day off and some even made donations of food and money. For decades these annual celebrations flourished, growing continuously with each passing year. In Booker T. Washington Park, as many as 20,000 African Americans once flowed through during the course of a week, making the celebration one of the state’s largest.

Juneteenth Celebrations Decline

Economic and cultural forces provided for a decline in Juneteenth activities and participants beginning in the early 1900’s. Classroom and textbook education in lieu of traditional home and family-taught practices stifled the interest of the youth due to less emphasis and detail on the activities of former slaves. Classroom text books proclaimed Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 as the date signaling the ending of slavery – and little or nothing on the impact of General Granger’s arrival on June 19th.

The Depression forced many people off the farms and into the cities to find work. In these urban environments, employers were less eager to grant leaves to celebrate this date. Thus, unless June 19th fell on a weekend or holiday, there were very few participants available. July 4th was the already established Independence holiday and a rise in patriotism steered more toward this celebration.

Resurgence

The Civil Rights movement of the 50’s and 60’s yielded both positive and negative results for the Juneteenth celebrations. While it pulled many of the African American youth away and into the struggle for racial equality, many linked these struggles to the historical struggles of their ancestors. This was evidenced by student demonstrators involved in the Atlanta civil rights campaign in the early 1960’s, whom wore Juneteenth freedom buttons. Again in 1968, Juneteenth received another strong resurgence through Poor Peoples March to Washington D.C.. Rev. Ralph Abernathy’s call for people of all races, creeds, economic levels and professions to come to Washington to show support for the poor. Many of these attendees returned home and initiated Juneteenth celebrations in areas previously absent of such activity. In fact, two of the largest Juneteenth celebrations founded after this March are now held in Milwaukee and Minneapolis.

Texas Blazes the Trail

On January 1, 1980, Juneteenth became an official state holiday through the efforts of Al Edwards, an African American state legislator. The successful passage of this bill marked Juneteenth as the first emancipation celebration granted official state recognition. Representative Edwards has since actively sought to spread the observance of Juneteenth all across America.

Juneteenth In Modern Times

Throughout the 80’s and 90’s Juneteenth has continued to enjoy a growing and healthy interest from communities and organizations throughout the country. Institutions such as the Smithsonian, the Henry Ford Museum and others have begun sponsoring Juneteenth-centered activities. In recent years, a number of National Juneteenth Organizations have arisen to take their place along side older organizations – all with the mission to promote and cultivate knowledge and appreciation of African American history and culture.

Juneteenth today, celebrates African American freedom while encouraging self-development and respect for all cultures. As it takes on a more national and even global perspective, the events of 1865 in Texas are not forgotten, for all of the roots tie back to this fertile soil from which a national day of pride is growing. The future of Juneteenth looks bright as the number of cities and states come on board and form local committees and organizations to coordinate the activities. Communication and networking is vital. A sharing of lessons learned throughout all organizations will help expedite this growth while minimizing waste and risks. The JUNETEENTH.com website can play a vital role in these efforts. Thus, it is important to communicate its existence to one and all. Contact your local Juneteenth organizer if you do not see them listed within and let them know about this site. There is no cost for organizations to post their Juneteenth festivities at the website.

History of Juneteenth ©JUNETEENTH.com 1996-2008

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17 September 2016 by Alan

Manali Trip 2008 – The Great Fish River Museum

[edit] Geography

Manali is located at [show location on an interactive map] 32°10?N 77°06?E? / ?32.16, 77.1[1]. It has an average elevation of 2625 metres (8612 feet).

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Etymology

[edit] History

Tourism in Manali received a real boost after the rise of militancy in Kashmir in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with hundreds of hotels and restaurants.

[edit] Transport
Mall street, Manali

[edit] Tourist Attractions

The Museum of Traditional Himachal Culture, near the Hadimba temple, is worth a visit, which houses artifacts of folk art of the entire Kullu valley.

[edit] Places around Manali

Rahala waterfalls: About 16 km from Manali at the start of the climb to the Rohtang Pass, are the beautiful Rahalla Falls at an altitude of 2,501 m.

Monasteries: Manali is known for its shiny gompas or Buddhist monasteries. It is maintained by donations from the local community and by sale of hand-woven carpets in the temple workshop.

Rani Nala – 46 km from Manali, it is the glacier point where snow is available throughout the year.

[edit] Adventure Sports

The Mountaineering Institute and Allied Sports is about 3 km from the Mall and offers mountaineering and kayaking courses. Kayaking is possible on the Beas River.

In the summers, several travel agencies organize paragliding on the slopes of the Solang Nullah. The charges generally include accommodation, food, equipment, and a guide, but not transport.

From May to July and, depending on the monsoons, from mid-September to mid-October, some basic rafting is possible on the Beas. The trips generally begin at Pirdi and continue 16 km down to Jhiri.

The HPTDC provides day permits for fishing. Permits can be obtained also at Patlikhul. Angling in the Kullu valley is possible at Larji, Katrain and Kasol.

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Category: ImagesTag: 2008, Fish, great, Manali, Museum, River, Trip

31 August 2016 by Alan

Image from page 42 of “The museum of natural history, with introductory essay on the natural history of the primeval world : being a popular account of the structure, habits, and classification of the various departments of the animal kingdom, quadrupeds, – The Great Fish River Museum

Image from page 42 of “The museum of natural history, with introductory essay on the natural history of the primeval world : being a popular account of the structure, habits, and classification of the various departments of the animal kingdom, quadrupeds,
The Great Fish River museum
Image by Internet Archive Book Images
Identifier: museumofnaturalh21869rich
Title: The museum of natural history, with introductory essay on the natural history of the primeval world : being a popular account of the structure, habits, and classification of the various departments of the animal kingdom, quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, shells, and insects, including the insects destructive to agriculture
Year: 1869 (1860s)
Authors: Richardson, John, Sir, 1787-1865 Dallas, W. S. (William Sweetland), 1824-1890 Cobbold, T. Spencer (Thomas Spencer), 1828-1886 Baird, William, 1803-1872 White, Adam, 1817-1879 Kellogg, Remington, 1892-1969, former owner. DSI Library of Congress, former owner. DSI
Subjects: Zoology
Publisher: London Glasgow Edinburgh : William MacKenzie
Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Smithsonian Libraries

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Text Appearing Before Image:
on contiinies in our owu time through thenever-ceasing labours of the corallines, whose opera-lions, as shown in the atolh of the Pacific, may bedestined one day to create a new continent. We pass now to the sub-period known as the MiddleOolitic. Then first appeared on the fluent earth cer-tain new types of hemipterous insects, and the Beeswandered from flower to flower in quest of honied trea-sures. Then, too, among the Lepidoplcra, came thebright glancing wings of the Butterflies, and among theNeuroptera, the sparkling Dragon-flies shot throughthe warm air like sparks of light. The Pterodactylestill perched on its leafy bouglis; in the ocean-watersroamed the voracious Tchthyosaurus and Plesiosanrus;on the marshy shore wallowed the huge Megalosaurus;the gigantic Chelonia haunted the river banks, and thewoods and plains were tenanted by Tguanodons, Am-phitheria, and Phascolotheria. At this epoch, moreover, flourished a reptile alliedto the marvellous and apparently anomalous Pterodac-

Text Appearing After Image:
Ramplioryncluis restored. One quarter natural size. tyle. This was the RampJiorhynchus, distinguishedfrom the latter by its long tail. In size it resembledthe e.Nisting crow. Its powers of flight, however, werevery limited; it did not really fly, but making use ofthe natural parachute formed by the membrane whichcoiuiected its fingers with its body, it flung itself froma height upon its prey. Of another family of reptiles, abundant in the MiddleOolite, we had a glimpse in the earlier age of the GreatOolite, the Tdcosaurtis, which a German writer has de-scribed as the great baron of the kingdom of Neptune,armed to the teeth, and clothed in an impenetrablepanoply; the true pirate or freebooter of the primevalseas. In its anatomical structure it bore a close resem-blance to the existing Gavial, or Gangetic crocodile,but certain modifications peculiarly adapted it for amarine life. Both surfaces of the vertebriB were slightlyconcave. Its hind legs were singularly large and strong,the ante

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Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability – coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

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20 August 2016 by Alan

Image from page 428 of “The history of birds : their varieties and oddities, comprising graphic descriptions of nearly all known species of birds, with fishes and insects, the world over, and illustrating their varied habits, modes of life, and distinguis – The Great Fish River Museum

Image from page 428 of “The history of birds : their varieties and oddities, comprising graphic descriptions of nearly all known species of birds, with fishes and insects, the world over, and illustrating their varied habits, modes of life, and distinguis
The Great Fish River museum
Image by Internet Archive Book Images
Identifier: historyofbirdsth00bing
Title: The history of birds : their varieties and oddities, comprising graphic descriptions of nearly all known species of birds, with fishes and insects, the world over, and illustrating their varied habits, modes of life, and distinguishing peculiarities by means of delightful anecdotes and spirited engravings
Year: 1880 (1880s)
Authors: Bingley, William, 1774-1823
Subjects: Birds Zoology
Publisher: Philadelphia : Edgewood Publishing Co.
Contributing Library: American Museum of Natural History Library
Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library

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Text Appearing Before Image:
variably refusing all except living animals, or such asare not in the least degree putrid. And the fishermen assert, thatthey are never to be caught with baits which have been bitten byother fish. In many parts of England, Turbot and Holibut are sold indiscrimi-nately for each other. They are, however, perfectly distinct; theupper parts of the former being marked with large, unequal, andobtuse tubercles; while those of the latter are quite smooth, andcovered with oblong soft scales, that adhere firmly to the body. Theeyes of the Turbot also are on the left, whilst those of the Holibut areon the right of the head. Holibuts are sometimes caught of such immense size, on the north-em coasts of England, as to weigh from two to three hundred pounds.Olafsen speaks of having seen one in Iceland, which measured fivtjells in length. The Greenlanders employ the membrane of the stomach of th«Holibut, in place of glass for their windows. THE TURBOT, AND nOLIEUT. 425 riiTinimOTraiiTT.;!?^^ filllib

Text Appearing After Image:
The Turbot is most active in the night tim., when perhaps is cncm e.are les^ vi<.ilant; and in the .lay time it lies at the bottom with its cl a Ls deTppermost, and is consequently difficult to bo ^^-^-^-f^f ,.,/^ ^said that when apprehensive of danger it will remain periectly still. 426 THE BEAKED CH^TODON TOE PLAISE AND FLOUNDER. The general habits both of the Plaise and Flounder, reseinble thoseof all the other flat-fish. These fish areeach found in great abundance in mostof the European seas. Flounders oftenascend rivers, and occasionally even sofar as to be beyond the immediateinfluence of the tides.

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17 August 2016 by Alan

Manali Trip 2008 – The Great Fish River Museum

[edit] Geography

Manali is located at [show location on an interactive map] 32°10?N 77°06?E? / ?32.16, 77.1[1]. It has an average elevation of 2625 metres (8612 feet).

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Etymology

[edit] History

Tourism in Manali received a real boost after the rise of militancy in Kashmir in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with hundreds of hotels and restaurants.

[edit] Transport
Mall street, Manali

[edit] Tourist Attractions

The Museum of Traditional Himachal Culture, near the Hadimba temple, is worth a visit, which houses artifacts of folk art of the entire Kullu valley.

[edit] Places around Manali

Rahala waterfalls: About 16 km from Manali at the start of the climb to the Rohtang Pass, are the beautiful Rahalla Falls at an altitude of 2,501 m.

Monasteries: Manali is known for its shiny gompas or Buddhist monasteries. It is maintained by donations from the local community and by sale of hand-woven carpets in the temple workshop.

Rani Nala – 46 km from Manali, it is the glacier point where snow is available throughout the year.

[edit] Adventure Sports

The Mountaineering Institute and Allied Sports is about 3 km from the Mall and offers mountaineering and kayaking courses. Kayaking is possible on the Beas River.

In the summers, several travel agencies organize paragliding on the slopes of the Solang Nullah. The charges generally include accommodation, food, equipment, and a guide, but not transport.

From May to July and, depending on the monsoons, from mid-September to mid-October, some basic rafting is possible on the Beas. The trips generally begin at Pirdi and continue 16 km down to Jhiri.

The HPTDC provides day permits for fishing. Permits can be obtained also at Patlikhul. Angling in the Kullu valley is possible at Larji, Katrain and Kasol.

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Category: ImagesTag: 2008, Fish, great, Manali, Museum, River, Trip

16 August 2016 by Alan

Manali Trip 2008 – The Great Fish River Museum

[edit] Geography

Manali is located at [show location on an interactive map] 32°10?N 77°06?E? / ?32.16, 77.1[1]. It has an average elevation of 2625 metres (8612 feet).

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Etymology

[edit] History

Tourism in Manali received a real boost after the rise of militancy in Kashmir in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with hundreds of hotels and restaurants.

[edit] Transport
Mall street, Manali

[edit] Tourist Attractions

The Museum of Traditional Himachal Culture, near the Hadimba temple, is worth a visit, which houses artifacts of folk art of the entire Kullu valley.

[edit] Places around Manali

Rahala waterfalls: About 16 km from Manali at the start of the climb to the Rohtang Pass, are the beautiful Rahalla Falls at an altitude of 2,501 m.

Monasteries: Manali is known for its shiny gompas or Buddhist monasteries. It is maintained by donations from the local community and by sale of hand-woven carpets in the temple workshop.

Rani Nala – 46 km from Manali, it is the glacier point where snow is available throughout the year.

[edit] Adventure Sports

The Mountaineering Institute and Allied Sports is about 3 km from the Mall and offers mountaineering and kayaking courses. Kayaking is possible on the Beas River.

In the summers, several travel agencies organize paragliding on the slopes of the Solang Nullah. The charges generally include accommodation, food, equipment, and a guide, but not transport.

From May to July and, depending on the monsoons, from mid-September to mid-October, some basic rafting is possible on the Beas. The trips generally begin at Pirdi and continue 16 km down to Jhiri.

The HPTDC provides day permits for fishing. Permits can be obtained also at Patlikhul. Angling in the Kullu valley is possible at Larji, Katrain and Kasol.

This The Great Fish River museum image was automatically curated and published with WP Robot plugin – CLICK HERE to learn more about WP Robot for Wordpress – a massive time and money saver.

Category: ImagesTag: 2008, Fish, great, Manali, Museum, River, Trip

14 August 2016 by Alan

Manali Trip 2008 – The Great Fish River Museum

[edit] Geography

Manali is located at [show location on an interactive map] 32°10?N 77°06?E? / ?32.16, 77.1[1]. It has an average elevation of 2625 metres (8612 feet).

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Etymology

[edit] History

Tourism in Manali received a real boost after the rise of militancy in Kashmir in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with hundreds of hotels and restaurants.

[edit] Transport
Mall street, Manali

[edit] Tourist Attractions

The Museum of Traditional Himachal Culture, near the Hadimba temple, is worth a visit, which houses artifacts of folk art of the entire Kullu valley.

[edit] Places around Manali

Rahala waterfalls: About 16 km from Manali at the start of the climb to the Rohtang Pass, are the beautiful Rahalla Falls at an altitude of 2,501 m.

Monasteries: Manali is known for its shiny gompas or Buddhist monasteries. It is maintained by donations from the local community and by sale of hand-woven carpets in the temple workshop.

Rani Nala – 46 km from Manali, it is the glacier point where snow is available throughout the year.

[edit] Adventure Sports

The Mountaineering Institute and Allied Sports is about 3 km from the Mall and offers mountaineering and kayaking courses. Kayaking is possible on the Beas River.

In the summers, several travel agencies organize paragliding on the slopes of the Solang Nullah. The charges generally include accommodation, food, equipment, and a guide, but not transport.

From May to July and, depending on the monsoons, from mid-September to mid-October, some basic rafting is possible on the Beas. The trips generally begin at Pirdi and continue 16 km down to Jhiri.

The HPTDC provides day permits for fishing. Permits can be obtained also at Patlikhul. Angling in the Kullu valley is possible at Larji, Katrain and Kasol.

This The Great Fish River museum image was automatically curated and published with WP Robot plugin – CLICK HERE to learn more about WP Robot for Wordpress – a massive time and money saver.

Category: ImagesTag: 2008, Fish, great, Manali, Museum, River, Trip

6 August 2016 by Alan

butty cabin – The Great Fish River Museum

butty cabin Image by johnb/Derbys/UK the best bacon butties in derbyshire…………Matlock Bath in Derbyshire, became an instant tourist resort for the wealthy and influencial, when warm springs, at a constant temperature of 68 degrees fahrenheit, were discovered back in 1698. The upheavals in Europe in the later part of the 18th century onwards discouraged the …

butty cabin
The Great Fish River museum
Image by johnb/Derbys/UK
the best bacon butties in derbyshire…………Matlock Bath in Derbyshire, became an instant tourist resort for the wealthy and influencial, when warm springs, at a constant temperature of 68 degrees fahrenheit, were discovered back in 1698. The upheavals in Europe in the later part of the 18th century onwards discouraged the wealthy from making the Grand Tour and they diverted their attention to places like the Peak District. Matlock Bath was a beneficary of this new era in travel.

A new turnpike road,connecting from Cromford, was built in 1818 which made Matlock Bath more accessible, and in the next 30 years, high society brought gentility and elegance to this beautiful area with its dramatic scenery and river. It then slowly began to lose its aristocratic ambience and began to cater for the new middle classes, who built their homes here, some precariously perched high on the hillside, and their appearance range from gothic to swiss style.

The 1840`s opened up Matlock Bath to the ordinary tourist, with the arrival of the railway. They came `en masse` to see the sights and commercialism gradually took over, rather crudely and unrestrained at first.

The last 30 years have seen enormous changes in Matlock Bath. Roads have been widened and now there are more souvenir shops, amusement arcades, cafes and other food outlets, and car and coach parks.The main road that runs through the town is split in two parts known as South Parade and North Parade.

There are no ancient places of worship here, only 2 victorian churches.The Church of the Holy Trinity was built in 1873 to accomodate the growing number of visitors and residents alike, and the Chapel of St John the Baptist was built in 1897, high up above the village to a design by Guy Dawber.

High Tor is a broad 390ft high limestone cliff that rises sheer from the river Derwent`s eastern bank.It looks quite formidable but it is a popular climbing cliff. The grounds below are more inviting with refreshment facilities, picnic areas, childrens playground, wooded walks and 2 caves that are actual worked out lead mines. On the ground floor, is also the pavillion, which houses a tourist information centre and the Peak District Mining Museum. The museum tells the story of of lead mining in the area from Roman times to present day. The geology of the area, mining and smelting processes, the quarrying and the people who worked in the industry are all illustrated with static and moving exhibits and an audio visual display. The museum also houses a water pressure pumping engine found in nearby Winster.Adjacent to the museum is Temple Mine, where there is a self guided tour, illustrating geology, fossilization and mining technigues.

On the western side of the gorge are the Heights of Abraham. For many years this slope was mined for lead but in the late 18th century it was developed for visitors `taking the waters`. The Heights of Abraham are today as popular as ever and provide amenities to suit almost everyone. There is a coffee shop, licensed restaurant, picnic area, all taking advantage of the superb view. There is also a victorian Prospect Tower built in 1844, 2 show caves,Rutland Cavern and the Great Masson Cavern, nature trail,landscaped gardens and childrens play area.

Lower down on Temple road is a model railway which is a reconstruction of the Midland Railways Company tracks through the most scenic parts of the Peak District, a real mecca for rail enthusiasts. Also amongst the dramatic setting is Gullivers Kingdom, a theme park capable of entertaining whole families. The park is terraced and each terrace is devoted to a different theme, like `Old England`, Fantasyland, The Wildwest, etc, and has over 50 rides and activities.

The aquarium occupies what was once the Matlock Bath Hydro. It still contains its fine stone staircase and large thermal pool, though now the pool is home to a large collection of different types of carp. The old , upstairs consulting rooms have tanks full of native, tropical and marine fish. Also here, is a Hologram Gallery which exhibits 3 dimensional pictures using laser technology and a Petrifying Well where objects dipped into the well acquire a hard coat of lime and look as if they have been turned to stone.

The top of the Heights of Abraham can be reached by a trek up a steep road but a cable car travels to the top from Matlock Bath railway station, where the Whistlestop Countryside Centre can be found. This houses a free exhibit of wildlife and a shop and acts as an information and education centre.

Matlock Bath Illuminations and Venetian Nights are an event that started with the celebration of the the Diamond Jubilee in 1897 and features the decorated and illuminated boats that are produced by the members of the Matlock Bath Venetian Boat Builders Association and rowed by them each Saturday and Sunday evening during the Illuminations season. The Arkwright Cup, donated by Sir Richard Arkwright in 1903, is awarded to the winning design and the Boat Parade continues to feature one ‘candle-lit’ boat – in the traditional Victorian style.

The river banks are adorned with illuminated displays on various themes and the cliffs around are flood lit. Firework displays are also given on certain nights throughout the illuminations season.

In 2006 the illuminations will be switched on every evening between 2nd Sept and 28th Oct. Venetian Nights are on at weekends and the dates for the firework displays are: 30th September 14th October and 28th October 2006.

Attractions around Matlock Bath

Life in a Lens, Matlock Bath
Primarily dedicated to presenting the history of popular photography from its invention in 1839 to more recent times, it has a strong Victorian flavour and is presented as an informative entertainment for people of all ages and walks of life. Something here for anyone with a natural interest and curiosity – the museum has a true commitment to preserving history and presenting it in an accessible way.

The museum is situated in our Victorian building dating from 1861 (shown below), which we renovated especially for the purpose and we have encouraged a Victorian ambiance throughout. Many visitors enjoy this aspect for its own sake and we have a growing display of mannequins in vintage dress from the Victorian and Edwardian periods to add a special depth to the atmosphere.

Life in a Lens has proven very popular among the more discerning visitors to the scenic, historic and currently undervalued village of Matlock Bath – once known as the ‘Gem of the Peak’.

The museum have now opened ‘The Victorian Teashop’ and a small museum gift shop in the completely renovated first floor of the building to give visitors an even better experience alongside the magical environment of the now well established ‘Life in a Lens’ museum. The museum itself is open most days and we are currently serving teas, coffees cakes sandwiches and ice cream etc. in the teashop.

For more information visit the museum website at www.lifeinalens.com also www.matlockbathcam.co.uk for a live webcam.

Peak District Mining Museum, Matlock Bath
Exhibition showing the history of lead mining throughout the Peak District. Visitors can operate rag and chain pumps and climb shafts.
Open daily 4th April-31st October, 10am-5pm(July-Oct 10am-10pm at weekends)
Nov-Feb open Mon-Fri 11am-3pm
Tel 01629 583834

Gullivers Kingdom, Matlock Bath
Family theme park with rides suitable for young children and Royal Cave
Open 10.30am-5pm, 15th April-2nd May, weekends 6-28th Mat, then daily till 10th September
Weekends 16 Sept-22nd October
Daily 23rd Oct-4th Nov
Tel 01629 580540
website www.gulliversfun.co.uk/matlockbath.htm

Matlock Bath Aquarium and Hollogram Gallery, Matlock Bath
Site of original thermal baths, with collection of cold water, tropical and marine fish; Pertrifying Well and Gemstone collection
Open Easter-end Oct 10am-6pm (10pm in school holidays)
Winter opening at weekends 10am-7pm
Tel 01629 583624

Heights of Abraham, Matlock Bath, Derbyshire
Entertainment for the whole family. Cable car rides across the Derwent Valley to the 60 acre sunnit. Exciting underground tours in two famous show caves. Explorers challenge. Displays. Picnic and play areas
Open daily from late March to late October
Tel 01629 582365
website www.heights-of-abraham.co.uk/

Lea Gardens Lea, Matlock
A rare collection of Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Alpines and Conifers in a lovely setting. There is a garden shop and a tea room where light lunches are available.
Opening times Late March- June 10am to 5.30pm
Tel 01629 534380
website www.leagarden.co.uk

Directions for Matlock Bath
Matlock Bath is situated on the A6 road, about 18 miles north of Derby.The roads around Matlock Bath get very busy on sunny weekends, particularly during the summer. Matlock Bath seems to have a particular attraction for motor cyclists who converge in their thousands on sunny Sundays.

Matlock Bath Illuminations 2008

Matlock Bath Illuminations and Venetian Nights in 2008 will take place every Saturday and Sundays from Sat 30 Aug 2008 – Sat 25 Oct 2008 (inclusive).
The parade of Illuminated and decorated boats takes place at 8.00pm every Saturday and Sunday during the season – with a programme of entertainment in or near the bandstand in Derwent Gardens each evening, commencing at 7.00pm. Firework displays on 29th Sept, 13th Oct and 27th Oct starting around 9pm but if travelling far, please check these dates as they are liable to change. Address of local TIC above.

More information on Matlock Town can be found at Matlock Town in Derbyshire

Matlock Bath Tourist Information
The Pavilion
Matlock Bath
DE4 3NR
Tel: 01629 55082
Fax: 01629 56304
Email: matlockbathinfo@derbyshiredales.gov.uk

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Category: ImagesTag: butty, cabin, Fish, great, Museum, River

28 July 2016 by Alan

Manali Trip 2008 – The Great Fish River Museum

[edit] Geography

Manali is located at [show location on an interactive map] 32°10?N 77°06?E? / ?32.16, 77.1[1]. It has an average elevation of 2625 metres (8612 feet).

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Etymology

[edit] History

Tourism in Manali received a real boost after the rise of militancy in Kashmir in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with hundreds of hotels and restaurants.

[edit] Transport
Mall street, Manali

[edit] Tourist Attractions

The Museum of Traditional Himachal Culture, near the Hadimba temple, is worth a visit, which houses artifacts of folk art of the entire Kullu valley.

[edit] Places around Manali

Rahala waterfalls: About 16 km from Manali at the start of the climb to the Rohtang Pass, are the beautiful Rahalla Falls at an altitude of 2,501 m.

Monasteries: Manali is known for its shiny gompas or Buddhist monasteries. It is maintained by donations from the local community and by sale of hand-woven carpets in the temple workshop.

Rani Nala – 46 km from Manali, it is the glacier point where snow is available throughout the year.

[edit] Adventure Sports

The Mountaineering Institute and Allied Sports is about 3 km from the Mall and offers mountaineering and kayaking courses. Kayaking is possible on the Beas River.

In the summers, several travel agencies organize paragliding on the slopes of the Solang Nullah. The charges generally include accommodation, food, equipment, and a guide, but not transport.

From May to July and, depending on the monsoons, from mid-September to mid-October, some basic rafting is possible on the Beas. The trips generally begin at Pirdi and continue 16 km down to Jhiri.

The HPTDC provides day permits for fishing. Permits can be obtained also at Patlikhul. Angling in the Kullu valley is possible at Larji, Katrain and Kasol.

This The Great Fish River museum image was automatically curated and published with WP Robot plugin – CLICK HERE to learn more about WP Robot for Wordpress – a massive time and money saver.

Category: ImagesTag: 2008, Fish, great, Manali, Museum, River, Trip

25 July 2016 by Alan

Manali Trip 2008 – The Great Fish River Museum

[edit] Geography

Manali is located at [show location on an interactive map] 32°10?N 77°06?E? / ?32.16, 77.1[1]. It has an average elevation of 2625 metres (8612 feet).

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Etymology

[edit] History

Tourism in Manali received a real boost after the rise of militancy in Kashmir in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with hundreds of hotels and restaurants.

[edit] Transport
Mall street, Manali

[edit] Tourist Attractions

The Museum of Traditional Himachal Culture, near the Hadimba temple, is worth a visit, which houses artifacts of folk art of the entire Kullu valley.

[edit] Places around Manali

Rahala waterfalls: About 16 km from Manali at the start of the climb to the Rohtang Pass, are the beautiful Rahalla Falls at an altitude of 2,501 m.

Monasteries: Manali is known for its shiny gompas or Buddhist monasteries. It is maintained by donations from the local community and by sale of hand-woven carpets in the temple workshop.

Rani Nala – 46 km from Manali, it is the glacier point where snow is available throughout the year.

[edit] Adventure Sports

The Mountaineering Institute and Allied Sports is about 3 km from the Mall and offers mountaineering and kayaking courses. Kayaking is possible on the Beas River.

In the summers, several travel agencies organize paragliding on the slopes of the Solang Nullah. The charges generally include accommodation, food, equipment, and a guide, but not transport.

From May to July and, depending on the monsoons, from mid-September to mid-October, some basic rafting is possible on the Beas. The trips generally begin at Pirdi and continue 16 km down to Jhiri.

The HPTDC provides day permits for fishing. Permits can be obtained also at Patlikhul. Angling in the Kullu valley is possible at Larji, Katrain and Kasol.

This The Great Fish River museum image was automatically curated and published with WP Robot plugin – CLICK HERE to learn more about WP Robot for Wordpress – a massive time and money saver.

Category: ImagesTag: 2008, Fish, great, Manali, Museum, River, Trip

22 July 2016 by Alan

Image from page 165 of “The museum of natural history, with introductory essay on the natural history of the primeval world : being a popular account of the structure, habits, and classification of the various departments of the animal kingdom, quadrupeds – The Great Fish River Museum

Image from page 165 of “The museum of natural history, with introductory essay on the natural history of the primeval world : being a popular account of the structure, habits, and classification of the various departments of the animal kingdom, quadrupeds
The Great Fish River museum
Image by Internet Archive Book Images
Identifier: museumofnaturalh31869rich
Title: The museum of natural history, with introductory essay on the natural history of the primeval world : being a popular account of the structure, habits, and classification of the various departments of the animal kingdom, quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, shells, and insects, including the insects destructive to agriculture
Year: 1869 (1860s)
Authors: Richardson, John, Sir, 1787-1865 Dallas, W. S. (William Sweetland), 1824-1890 Cobbold, T. Spencer (Thomas Spencer), 1828-1886 Baird, William, 1803-1872 White, Adam, 1817-1879 Kellogg, Remington, 1892-1969, former owner. DSI Library of Congress, former owner. DSI
Subjects: Zoology
Publisher: London Glasgow Edinburgh : William MacKenzie
Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Smithsonian Libraries

View Book Page: Book Viewer
About This Book: Catalog Entry
View All Images: All Images From Book

Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book.

Text Appearing Before Image:
mals with more ardour, andthe practice of towing small nets after ships has becomefrequent, the Scopeles have been discovered in all partsof the ocean. They are very brilliant little fislics,ornamented by rows of enchased spots on the sides,that look like strings of pearls. Family XIL—GALAXIDANS {Galaxidai). This small family belongs to the fresh waters ofAustralia, Tasmania, New Zealand, the Falklands, andPatagonia, and has received from Europeans visitingor settling in those countries the name of Trouts.The Galaxidans have in fact to the nninstructed eye theaspect of the river trout, being similarly spotted onthe sides; but they have no scales, and want the adiposefin. The premaxillaries do not reach the corner of themouth, but neither does the maxillary form that partof the margin of the orifice, a thick fold of the ujiperlip interposing. Strong teeth arm the jaws, some ofthem so much more prominent than the others as toobtain the name of canines ; and strong curved ones Fig, 39.

Text Appearing After Image:
Gag-tootbed Galaiias (Galaxias brocchus). exist on the roof of the mouth and on the tongue.All the members of the family are comprised in thegenus Galaxias. Family XIII.—HYODONTS {IlyodontUla;). This is a group of three genera which Linna;uswould have merged in his great genua Clupea, and which, together with the family that immediatelysucceeds it, is still a part of the Clupeoids of somomore modern ichthyologists. The Ilyodonts havecompressed bodies ; acutely-keeled bellies; without ser-ratures; and pancreatic caeca, though few in number.Their stomachs are siphonal; and their mouths areparticularly well armed with teeth on tlie jaws, vomer,palatines, presphenoids, lingual and hyoid bones. They Mackoptebous Abdomisals.- -FISHES.- -Amidass. 151 arc handsome small fishes, of comparatively little cco-iiomio value. Tlie genera are—Osieoglosswn; Ischnosovia; and Hi/odon;sncli species as inhabit the waters of the United States beingcalled Gold-eyes, Toothed Herrings, Moon-eyed Herrings,

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26 May 2016 by Alan

011 – The carnival-stall, of the stock-runners, gives joy and sorrow, under its cover – The Great Fish River Museum

011 – The carnival-stall, of the stock-runners, gives joy and sorrow, under its cover Image by blacque_jacques DE KERMIS-KRAAM, VAN DE ACTIE-KNAAPEN, SCHAFT VREUGDE, EN DROEFHEID, ONDER ‘T KAAPEN. [The Shop of the Stock Boys, gives Pleasure and Sorrow in Stealing.] [1720] A large tumultuous crowd of persons of all ages, conditions and sexes, frantically …

011 – The carnival-stall, of the stock-runners, gives joy and sorrow, under its cover
The Great Fish River museum
Image by blacque_jacques
DE KERMIS-KRAAM, VAN DE ACTIE-KNAAPEN, SCHAFT VREUGDE, EN DROEFHEID, ONDER ‘T KAAPEN.
[The Shop of the Stock Boys, gives Pleasure and Sorrow in Stealing.] [1720]

A large tumultuous crowd of persons of all ages, conditions and sexes, frantically chasing and dancing about a chariot of triumph driven by Deceit (a lady) and Bombario (Humbug). Atop the chariot John Law vomits stock shares for the eager crowd, while the Devil inflates him in the obvious orifice. In the distance is “Quincampoix”; the Paris street that was the equivalent of Wall Street or the Square Mile and the chariot’s presumed origin. The chariot is headed for the arch bearing the arms of Amsterdam, Haarlem and Leiden, cities that still banned stock speculation.

Details and verses in Dutch are below.

A triumphal chariot, drawn by two monstrous toads, is about to pass from the courtyard of a large mansion (which, while an auction of shares is going on within, is thronged with persons to the second floor; crowds rush out with shares in their hands), and under an arch inscribed,

"Sic Itur ad ASTRA";

a soldier armed with a wand, and having on the front of his cap three crosses saltire, the arms of Amsterdam, keeps the way clear of passengers. From the dormer in the roof of the house a flag staff projects, with a flag representing the Devil sowing tares among wheat, with the inscription,

"Quincampoix. In de onkruid Zaayer"
(Quinquempoix, the Sower of Weeds.)

This is the sign of the house, the banner of Quinquempoix, or John Law, and refers to his scheme and the schemes of others who followed him. The chariot is driven by Deceit, a woman in a garment embroidered with darts or fish-hooks; by her side is a triple-headed sphinx; she holds, instead of a whip, a crooked sword. In front of the chariot sits "Bombario" (Bombast, or Humbug), the Chief Quack, a hump-backed, harlequin-like figure, holding a flag on which is displayed an open mousetrap, and the inscription

"Bombario, Ziet toe" (Bombast, pay attention)

he grasps a bag of money in his right hand, slung before him is a box inscribed,

"Rykdom by de last" (Wealth in great measure)

and holding papers marked "2000", "3000", and "4000". In the middle of the chariot the Devil stands upright and vociferating to the crowd, while, by means of a bellows, he energetically inflates posteriorly the zany of the quack. The zany vomits share-papers, on which are inscriptions,

"Harlinge[n],” "Zwol[le],” “Gouda," "Campen[Kampen]," "Edam" "Wesep[Weesp]," "Schiedam,", "Enkhuisen[Enkhuizen]," "Munnikendam[Monnickendam]," "Naarden," "Alkmaar," "Delft," "Rotterdam," "Mui[d]en", and "Medenblik[Memdemblik],". (1)

(1)These are cities conspicuous for share-dealing.

The zany also vomits other papers, the inscriptions on which refer to the greater schemes which obtained favour at this period, "De Zuid" (The South Sea Company), "De West" (The West Indies Company), "Missisippi" (The Mississippi Company.) Another paper is marked "Commerci" (Commerce.) Many persons in the crowd about the chariot struggle passionately for these papers.

In the foreground a man is pursued by a woman with a stick in her hand; he holds a paper inscribed "100000 al quit" (100,000 all gone.) A woman who is nearly naked buys a halter of a man who has brought in a wheelbarrow to the assembly a large stock of these instruments for suicide. A man, whose wig falls of in the scuffle, is assailed by one who looks like a Dutch sailor; the former holds a paper with "Het is verkogt" (It has been sold) engraved on it, being his answer to the demands of the other.

Besides the woman, Bombario, the Devil, and the zany, five other persons occupy the chariot; they sit on its floor with their heads appearing above the sides; one shakes an empty purse above the crowd, the others point to labels apparently intended to convey speeches of their own, and which hang against the sides of the vehicle; one of these labels bears " Wy doen me" (We join also), another has "De Comp is vol (The Company is full) ; a third shows "
Luylekkerla:"(Luilekkerland – Cloudcuckooland or The Lazy Man’s Land); a fourth, belonging to one who is a priest, has "Sant kruyers" (Land casters, that is, those who throw dust in men’s eyes.) Two rows of shields, bearing the arms of many Dutch towns, appear on the side of the chariot; these are (2)

1, an ox passant regardant, with three mullets of six points in chief, for Edam;
2, for Purmerend, three crampons (?);
3, a horn, for Hoorn;
4, three crowned fishes, naiant, with three mullets, for Enkhuizen; 5, for Utrecht, per bend, argent and gules;
6, for Monnickendam, a man walking with a staff, proper;
7, a shield, the bearings on which cannot be sufficiently seen for description;
8, for Weesp, azure, a pale, argent;
9, or, a two-headed eagle displayed, sable, for Naarden;
10, sable, a fess argent, for Muiden;
11, sable, a pale, or, for Medemblick.

(2) The heraldry above quoted is not accurate, but the description of the shields to the towns in question is probably correct, notwithstanding that the tinctures in the shield of Utrecht are not argent and gules, as above represented, but azure and argent; the escutcheon of Enkhuizen bears two, and not three mullets; and the
pale of Medenblick is argent, not or.

A seller of quack medicines walks near the front of this design and before the chariot; he holds up a bottle of his nostrum, and recommends it to the crowd; on the box which hangs from his neck is written,

"Voor siek heid" (For sickness), and
"Voor Dolheid" (For madness.)

Near this person is a sedan-chair, the door of which appears to be strongly barred; the occupant thrusts his head through an opening in the front of the vehicle, and bids the bearers take him "Na ‘t Lazarus huis" To the Lazar [Leper] house.) At the side of the gate stands a drummer with a scroll, shouting and waving his hat in honour of the riders in the chariot; on a paper in his hand is,

"Hoort, mynHeere, hoort, die ryk wil worden van Luisen, kooptActies"
(Hear, gentlemen, hear, whoever would become rich in vermin, let him buy shares.)

Over the pediment of the gate are two recumbent statues, those of Justice and Plenty; below the pediment hang three shields, bearing,

1, Four mullets, with a dagger, palewise, surmounted by a cross (for Haarlem);
2, 0n a pale sable, three crosses saltire, as on the cap of the soldier mentioned above (Amsterdam);
3, Keys in saltire (Leiden).

Over the low wall which encloses the courtyard a view is given of the open country, which shows a river with ships, a country-house and a festival going on, people dancing; also windmills and a road, on which several carriages are being driven at the top of the horses’ speed: in the middle distance stands a booth for the sale of shares; over it is

"Acties te Koop"
(Shares for sale)
a crowd of persons who are armed with long sticks assail this place; the people on the stage are being pelted with stones. In the air are Jupiter and Mercury, likewise Phaeton falling.

The Dutch verses engraved below the design are to the following effect: Explanation of the print by Philadelphus :

"Deceit, disguised in a lovely costume, was grown in the mud of French pools, and comes to excite the Londoners as well as the Dutch, and to set the country on fire. She flies through North and South Holland, and rages in Zealand as well. But heavenly justice shall soon punish these foolish persons who follow her. On the stock’s chariot sits first, Hero, Vice with his banner, whilst Law vomits new stocks, and receives new Wind from behind.

The foolish people seize and snatch the stocks. Further off is the Exchange of Quincampoix. Wealth, treasure, and gain soon fly away in smoke and vapour, and truth shows to the mob that everything will be soon finished. The Stocks shop is destroyed by the rioting people; Mercury goes up to Jupiter and complains of the abuse of trade, and Jupiter, at his request, banishes the stockbrokers to eternal night. Phaeton falls."

A prayer that Heaven will give back ample trade and profit to the Batavians concludes the satirical verses.

This engraving is a Dutch satire on the share-mania which obtained during 1720 and the few previous years. It is No. 22 in vol. i. of "Het Groote Tafereel der Dwaasheid", a collection of Dutch satires to the same effect.

There is another impression of this plate, with German verses to the above effect ; this is No. 23 in the same volume.

Source: Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, Division I. Political and Personal Satires, Volume II June 1689-1733, Chiswick Press (1873). Catalog No. 1650. pp 489-491. 12-3/4 X 13-1/4 in.

Dutch verses:

Bedrog dat zich aanminnig toond
Schoon ‘s biezend Slangen nest haar kroond
Het hoofd voerd lugtigjes den toom
Zy mend vergifte paaden loon
In ’t kruipen maar ten baarstens dik
En groot geworden in het slik
Van Franche poelen, daar de dood
In moordery en hongersnood
Woed in het bitterste gevaar
Straks treft dit ook den Londenaar
Daar zaaid het paddenspog ten buit
Voor Goudinslokkers door de Zuidt
Een kanker en eer’ pest in ’t Ryk
Terwyl die lucht uit Actie Slyk
Getrokken over zee en land
Heen vliegd en Holland steekt in brand
Nu aast de Rotte eerst op die vlam
De pest ontsteekt tot Rotterdam

En vliegd door Schiedam en ter Gouw
Noord en Zuidholland heen hoe rouw
En wild ook de Actiehandel moord
By Zeeuw by Vries aan de Ysel boord
Verneemt man best hier te Amsterdam
De konstige Estnaald wyst hoe gram
Het Hemelsche Gerecht zich toond
Daar ’t kwaad altoos zyn meester loond
Op de Actiewagen zit vooraan
Held ondeugd met zyn Actie Vaan
De Steeden lachgen in er Vuist
Terwyl men Amstels geldje luist
En Heintjepik een zot die LAW
En log en loom en Actie flaauw
Veel Acties uitbraakt nieuwe Wind
Van agter inblaast ’t volk verblind
Door Goudzucht grypt en trekt en rukt
De nullebriefjes yder plukt

En haakt er nu ten roof ten prooiy
Gints Staat de Beurs van Quincampoix
In de onkruid zaayer, maar hoe stout
’t Geweld is, de Amstelsche Herout
Dryft al dat jucht ten noortwaard uit
Fluks vliegt, en Rykdom, Schat, en buit
Als Damp en ydle Rook daar heen
De Zedigheid toond aan’t gemeen
Dat alles haast zal zyn gedaan
En weer op de oude Voeten staan
Maar ’t graauw aan ’t muiten rukt de kraam
Van die Actie venter als infaam
En voor den Ambachtsmans de dood
Om van dw Waag staat stil ontbloot
Van overzeesche Koopmanschap,
Uit de Actiehandel zuigt men knap
De konst van zand tot Vlooibaar nat
Te Maalen en in Utrechts stad

De Scheepen over berg en Hei
Te voeren heen ’t geros, ’t geroy
Van ryke dieven maakte kaat
Tot dat men langs ’t bordeel onthaal
Weer opduwt naar het Aapenland
De vrucht van ’t eerst gestoolen plant
De trits van Steeden voor de Poort
Verfoied de Roof zieke Actiemoord
Em word daar door ten prys en lof
Geplaatst in ’t blinkend Starrenhof
Iupyn verhoord Mercuur zyn klagt
En buurd in den eeuwig duistre nacht
Het Actiegild, terwyl de Zon
Te klaar voor zotte Pha’eton
Den gek te stout in zyn bestaan
Ziet storten in den Eridaan
O Hemel dat ons land vooral
Bevryd zy voor een vender val
En de Eed’le Koopmanschap doch hier
Herbloeye smeekt de Batavier

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19 May 2016 by Alan

Fish River Canoe Marathon 2012

A My Addo Cradock South Africa selected video for you: The Fish is an 82 km paddle over 2 days in the arid Karoo region of Cradock, South Africa. Being at least an 8 hr drive for most competitors means that competitors make a long weekend of it and it is extremely festive! Enjoy the …

A My Addo Cradock South Africa selected video for you:

The Fish is an 82 km paddle over 2 days in the arid Karoo region of Cradock, South Africa. Being at least an 8 hr drive for most competitors means that competitors make a long weekend of it and it is extremely festive! Enjoy the adventures of 4 Durban boys making the epic trip!

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7 May 2016 by Alan

taco truck reflections (please view the larger size) – The Great Fish River Museum

taco truck reflections (please view the larger size) Image by D.C.Atty Juneteenth is the oldest known celebration commemorating the ending of slavery in the United States. Dating back to 1865, it was on June 19th that the Union soldiers, led by Major General Gordon Granger, landed at Galveston, Texas with news that the war had …

taco truck reflections (please view the larger size)
The Great Fish River museum
Image by D.C.Atty
Juneteenth is the oldest known celebration commemorating the ending of slavery in the United States. Dating back to 1865, it was on June 19th that the Union soldiers, led by Major General Gordon Granger, landed at Galveston, Texas with news that the war had ended and that the enslaved were now free. Note that this was two and a half years after President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation – which had become official January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation had little impact on the Texans due to the minimal number of Union troops to enforce the new Executive order. However, with the surrender of General Lee in April of 1865, and the arrival of General Granger’s regiment, the forces were finally strong enough to influence and overcome the resistance.

General Order Number 3

One of General Granger’s first orders of business was to read to the people of Texas, General Order Number 3 which began most significantly with:

Juneteenth Festivities and Food

Juneteenth and Society

Juneteenth Celebrations Decline

Resurgence

Texas Blazes the Trail

Juneteenth In Modern Times

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4 May 2016 by Alan

Forks, Washington – The Great Fish River Museum

Forks, Washington Image by Ken Lund Forks is a city in Clallam County, Washington, United States. The population was 3,120 at the 2000 census. It is named after the forks in the nearby Quillayute, Bogachiel, Calawah, and Sol Duc rivers. For many years, the city’s economy was fueled by the local timber industry. With recent …

Forks, Washington
The Great Fish River museum
Image by Ken Lund
Forks is a city in Clallam County, Washington, United States. The population was 3,120 at the 2000 census. It is named after the forks in the nearby Quillayute, Bogachiel, Calawah, and Sol Duc rivers.

For many years, the city’s economy was fueled by the local timber industry. With recent declines in the industry, however, Forks has had to rely on the nearby Clallam Bay Correctional Center and Olympic Corrections Center as a source of jobs. Forks is a popular destination for sport fishers who fish for salmon and rainbow trout in nearby rivers. It is also supported by visitors to Olympic National Park. Forks is the primary setting for the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer.

On the South end of town is the Forks Timber Museum. Constructed in 1990 by the Forks High School carpentry class, the 3,200-square-foot (300 m2) building provides a fascinating look back into the local history of the timber industry, loggers of the past and their tools of the trade. The museum has exhibits depicting local history dating back to the 1870s.

Forks serves as the hub for numerous day excursions to the Hoh Rainforest, the Pacific Beaches, and various wilderness trails. The Forks Chamber of Commerce can provide visitors with additional details. In addition, the Olympic National Park’s Visitor Center can provide NPS and USFS related information to help plan a trip – permits can also be obtained there as well.

A large percentage of Forks visitors are fans of Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight series who seek the attractions mentioned in the novels, and other related places such as La Push and Port Angeles. The town has embraced fans of the books and its newfound popularity. Local restaurants have added "Twilight-themed" options to their menus, and the local hospital has reserved a parking space for "Dr. Cullen" (Twilight).

Forks is well known for its winter steelhead trout fishing with the Quillayute river system – the Hoh, Sol Duc, Bogachiel and Calawah rivers. Other nearby Clallam, Sekiu and Hoko rivers are also good for king salmon fishing and steelheading as well.

Local guides are available for both native and hatchery runs and for float trips. Fishing gear and clothing is available at local stores.

Forks Washington has a display of one of a very few Shay engines remaining in Washington.

In the Summer, Forks hosts its traditional "Old Fashioned Fourth of July" celebration with a Grand Fourth of July Parade with plenty of events to go to, including a demolition derby and a great fireworks display. July is also the month for Quileute Days at La Push with its parade, traditional salmon bake, bone games, softball tournament, canoe races, and street fair. In August, the Forks Family Festival combines arts and crafts vendors with children activities for a truly family oriented event.

The young adult Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer takes place in Forks. The main character, Bella Swan, reluctantly goes to Forks to spend some time with her dad, and visits real places in the town, like La Push. The series has drawn an unusual amount of attention to Forks. According to Meyer, she didn’t visit Forks until after Twilight was published and chose the town because it is said to be one of the rainiest places in the United States. She later visited Forks and was captivated by the beauty of the scenery surrounding it. She said it was so close to her Forks that it was as if she had stepped into the books, and she kept expecting Edward or Bella (the protagonists of her series) to walk around the corner.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forks,_Washington

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_…

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11 April 2016 by Alan

Manali Trip 2008 – The Great Fish River Museum

[edit] Geography

Manali is located at [show location on an interactive map] 32°10?N 77°06?E? / ?32.16, 77.1[1]. It has an average elevation of 2625 metres (8612 feet).

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Etymology

[edit] History

Tourism in Manali received a real boost after the rise of militancy in Kashmir in the late 1980s. This once quiet village was transformed into a bustling town with hundreds of hotels and restaurants.

[edit] Transport
Mall street, Manali

[edit] Tourist Attractions

The Museum of Traditional Himachal Culture, near the Hadimba temple, is worth a visit, which houses artifacts of folk art of the entire Kullu valley.

[edit] Places around Manali

Rahala waterfalls: About 16 km from Manali at the start of the climb to the Rohtang Pass, are the beautiful Rahalla Falls at an altitude of 2,501 m.

Monasteries: Manali is known for its shiny gompas or Buddhist monasteries. It is maintained by donations from the local community and by sale of hand-woven carpets in the temple workshop.

Rani Nala – 46 km from Manali, it is the glacier point where snow is available throughout the year.

[edit] Adventure Sports

The Mountaineering Institute and Allied Sports is about 3 km from the Mall and offers mountaineering and kayaking courses. Kayaking is possible on the Beas River.

In the summers, several travel agencies organize paragliding on the slopes of the Solang Nullah. The charges generally include accommodation, food, equipment, and a guide, but not transport.

From May to July and, depending on the monsoons, from mid-September to mid-October, some basic rafting is possible on the Beas. The trips generally begin at Pirdi and continue 16 km down to Jhiri.

The HPTDC provides day permits for fishing. Permits can be obtained also at Patlikhul. Angling in the Kullu valley is possible at Larji, Katrain and Kasol.

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10 April 2016 by Alan

Image from page 260 of “The Andes and the Amazon :|bor across the continent of South America” (1876) – The Great Fish River Museum

Image from page 260 of “The Andes and the Amazon :|bor across the continent of South America” (1876) Image by Internet Archive Book Images Identifier: andesamazonborac76orto Title: The Andes and the Amazon :|bor across the continent of South America Year: 1876 (1870s) Authors: Orton, James Subjects: Publisher: New York: Harper Contributing Library: Natural History Museum …

Image from page 260 of “The Andes and the Amazon :|bor across the continent of South America” (1876)
The Great Fish River museum
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Identifier: andesamazonborac76orto
Title: The Andes and the Amazon :|bor across the continent of South America
Year: 1876 (1870s)
Authors: Orton, James
Subjects:
Publisher: New York: Harper
Contributing Library: Natural History Museum Library, London
Digitizing Sponsor: Natural History Museum Library, London

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ewhat it was when Wallace and Bates entered it twentyyears ago. It is the largest city on the largest river in theworld, and the capital of a province ten times the size ofNew York State. The enterprising, wealthy class consistsof Portuguese and pure Brazilians, with a few English,Germans, French, and North Americans. The multitude isan amalgamation of Portuguese, Indian, and Negro. Thediversity of races, and the mingled dialects of the Ama-zon and Europe, make an attractive street scene. Side byside we see the corpulent Brazilian planter, the swarthyPortuguese trader, the merry Negro porter, and the apa-thetic Indian boatman. Some of the more recent off-spring are dressed a la Adam before the fall; numberswear only a shirt or skirt; the negro girls who go aboutthe streets with trays of sweetmeats, on their heads areloosely yet prettily dressed in pure white, with massivegilded chains and earrings; but the middle and upperclasses generally follow Paris fashions. The mechanic Paea. 259

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Fruit Peddlers. arts are in tlie hands of free Ne-groes and Indians, mulattoes andmaraelncos.* Commerce is car-ried on almost exclusively byPorti:guese and other foreigners.Dry-goods come chiefly fromEngland and France; groceriesfrom Portugal; flour and hard-ware from the United States.The principal exports are rub-ber, cacao, coffee,t sugar, cotton,Brazil nuts, sarsaparilla, vanilla, farina, copaiba, tobacco,rum, hides, fish, parrots, and monkeys.:{: Para exceeds inthe number of its indigenous commodities any other portin the world, but the trade at jDresent is insignificant whenwe consider the vast extent and resources of the country.The city can never have a rival at the mouth of the Ama-zon, and is destined to become a great emporium. ButBrazilian legislation stands in the way. Heavy import du-ties are charged—from 35 to 45 per cent.; and on the 1stof January, 1868, it was ordered that 15 per cent, must bepaid in English gold. The consequence has been that goldhas risen from 28

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6 April 2016 by Alan

Image from page 59 of “The Wilson bulletin” (1894) – The Great Fish River Museum

Image from page 59 of “The Wilson bulletin” (1894) Image by Internet Archive Book Images Identifier: wilsonbulletin22agas Title: The Wilson bulletin Year: 1894 (1890s) Authors: Agassiz Association. Wilson Ornithological Chapter Wilson Ornithological Society Wilson Ornithological Club Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union Subjects: Birds Publisher: Columbus, Ohio : Wilson Ornithological Society Contributing Library: American Museum of Natural History …

Image from page 59 of “The Wilson bulletin” (1894)
The Great Fish River museum
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Identifier: wilsonbulletin22agas
Title: The Wilson bulletin
Year: 1894 (1890s)
Authors: Agassiz Association. Wilson Ornithological Chapter Wilson Ornithological Society Wilson Ornithological Club Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union
Subjects: Birds
Publisher: Columbus, Ohio : Wilson Ornithological Society
Contributing Library: American Museum of Natural History Library
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his trip. W^e saw Florida Blue Jays about Apalachicola, but I wassurprised to find them absent around Lake Wimlico. Not onewas seen during the six days, but their absence is probably ex-plained by the absence of oak trees and the consecjuent absenceof acorns. Pied-billed Grebes were much rarer than I expected to findthem, since they are so common in West Florida during thewinter months. The rarest privilege of the trip from the standpoint of abird student was our experience with the Sandhill Cranes.Every morning at daybreak we could hear their sonorouscroakings. 44 The Wilson Buixetin—No. 70. A few species of birds were observed about Apalachicola.which we did not see up about Lake Wimlico, such as Wil-sons Snipe, Brown Pelican, Ground Dove, Pipit, Fish Crow,Red-winged Blackbird, and Boat-tailed Grackle, but they arenot included in the list, which is undoubtedly far from com-plete, as it contains only those birds that we were fortunateenousfh to observe from December 25 to 31, 1909.

Text Appearing After Image:
Ospre.vs (Iaudion Jialiactiis carolinensis) Nest ou IndianBayou, near Lake Wimlico. Florida. (Photo by G. Cl.vdeFisher, Dec. 20. 1909.) (1) Coly)iibiis auritus.—Horned Grebe. One seen. (2) Podilyiiibiis podiccps.—Pied-billed Grebe. Two seenon Indian Bayou. (3) Larus argcntafus.—Herring- Gull. Several seen onthe way up the river. (4) Ai.v sponsa.—Wood Duck. Not rare. Fisher—On Florida Winter Birds. 45 (5) Aythia affiins.—Lesser Scaup Duck. A few flockson the lake. Other ducks were seen, but no others were posi-tively identified. (6) Ardca Jicrodias.—Great Blue Heron. A few seen. (7) Grns anicricana.—Sandhill Crane. Comon. Heardevery morning at daybreak and often during the day. Fromtwo to six often seen flying about. An adult female taken onDecember 2^, since mounted, and now in the Palmer Collegecollection. The trachea of this specimen was dissected out,and found to contain a peculiar and elaborate curve mostlyencased in the breast-bone. (8) Fulica ainericana.—Coot.

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4 April 2016 by Alan

Charles Sturt Memorial cairn at Raukkan, South Australia. – The Great Fish River Museum

Charles Sturt Memorial cairn at Raukkan, South Australia. Image by denisbin Memorial to Charles Sturt built in 1931 by Aboriginal epople at Point McLeay Aborginal Mission which is now Raukkan Aboriginal Community. George Taplin, Point McLeay Mission and Raukkan Aboriginal Community. The origin of the Ngarrindjeri Mission of the AFA goes back to the drive …

Charles Sturt Memorial cairn at Raukkan, South Australia.
The Great Fish River museum
Image by denisbin
Memorial to Charles Sturt built in 1931 by Aboriginal epople at Point McLeay Aborginal Mission which is now Raukkan Aboriginal Community.

George Taplin, Point McLeay Mission and Raukkan Aboriginal Community.
The origin of the Ngarrindjeri Mission of the AFA goes back to the drive of George Taplin, the founding missionary, and the need for the mission because of destruction of the traditional fishing and hunting grounds of the Ngarrindjeri people. The Ngarrindjeri occupied the lands along the Coorong from Kingston, around the two lakes and up the Murray to where Murray Bridge now stands, and across the bottom of Fleurieu Peninsula to Cape Jervis. These lands were all areas of Special Surveys in 1839 and early white settlement. The close access to fresh water attracted pastoralists and where there were not Special Surveys the lands were granted to white pastoralists by annual and later 14 year leases. As one writer, Graham Jenkins, has claimed in his history of the lower lakes, the Ngarrindjeri were conquered by whites and then dispossessed of their lands and food sources. The Aboriginal Friends’ Association was formed in 1857 from various Protestant denominations but with a strong Anglican backing. They wanted to assist with the physical living conditions of Aboriginal people as well as introducing them to Christianity. Welfare was their primary aim. The believed Aboriginal people deserved more than blankets and meagre government food rations. The AFA called for reports and were told that 30 to 40 Aboriginal children in Goolwa from the Ngarrindjeri were in desperate need of schooling. Parliament offered a grant of £500 for the establishment of a school in the vicinity of Goolwa. In 1859 the new AFA committee agreed to appoint an agent to find the best location for the school. George Taplin, a school teacher of Goolwa, was appointed to this role of finding a suitable location and then to set up a mission and school. Taplin had been concerned about Aboriginal welfare for some years. He relished his new position. Taplin selected a spot at Point McLeay (McLeay was second in charge of the Charles Sturt expedition of 1830 along the Murray). To the Ngarrindjeri this spot was called Raukkan hence the name of the Aboriginal Community here today.

The leaseholder of land adjoining Raukkan was John Baker of Morialta. He objected to Taplin’s choice as an Aboriginal Mission there would be “prejudicial to his interests” as the government grant for the Mission was coming out of his leasehold of Narrung station. As a state politician he initiated the first Royal Commission by an SA government into the conditions and welfare of Aboriginal people. He had hoped to have Taplin and the AFA ousted from his land. But this was not the outcome of the Royal Commission which looked at issues across SA, not just around the lower lakes, and the Commission found no reason to relocate the Taplin Mission. In one sense Baker had one justifiable point- the Raukkan Mission had insufficient land to provide a satisfactory livelihood for the Aboriginal residents. They could fish the lakes and the Coorong, they could work on the pastoral properties of Poltalloch and Campbell Park, they could grow their own vegetables, but they had insufficient land to crop or to pasture sheep or cattle on in terms of income. The land at Raukkan might have provided for one family, not dozens. This lack of land and income was an ongoing problem with the Mission. But Baker’s other claims that Taplin only wanted the salary and was not interested in aboriginal welfare, that he was lazy, and that he bribed the Ngarrindjeri to attend church were all patently false.

Taplin set to work to establish a school at Raukkan, then some cottages for the Aboriginal people, as well as one for his own family, and the church, depicted our note which opened in 1869. Taplin learnt Ngarrindjeri language, recorded it, wrote many essays and published books on the Aborigines of South Australia. He died in 1879 when one of his sons took over as superintendent of the Mission. George Taplin was revered and respected by the Ngarrindjeri people. He tried to establish a commercial fishing operation for the Ngarrindjeri, he organised football and cricket matches with local white teams, he assisted with the employment of Aboriginal people on the nearby great stations, and the community ran a business washing wool for the Bowman brothers’ estates. The school was his first priority and the school room opened in 1860. Taplin is especially remembered for his Ngarrindjeri translations of books from the Bible which are unique in Australia. By the time Taplin died Raukkan had about 1,700 acres of land, the size of a normal farm. It began in 1860 with a lease from the government of just 750 acres. In 1878 the AFA got a leasehold block along the Coorong for sheep grazing, holidays and fishing. The Raukkan Mission under the guidance of the AFA and strong educationists like George Taplin produced three well known Aboriginal preachers and an outstanding writer, scientist and inventor, David Unaipon who is also depicted on our note. David (1872-1967) was born on the mission, died in Tailem Bend and was buried back in Raukkan. In 1909 he developed and patented a new form of shearing cutters. He was an internationally recognised expert in ballistics although he had no formal university education. He patented nine inventions including a centrifugal motor. He did research at the University of Adelaide although he was not employed there. He mainly got his income from preaching and writing.

The Raukkan Mission was taken over from the AFA in 1916 by the state government which then assumed full control. It was then known as Point McLeay Aboriginal Reserve and over the years it acquired some additional land but never sufficient for a good income for the Reserve. In 1974 the Raukkan lands were handed over to the Ngarrindjeri people and they changed the Reserve name to Raukkan Aboriginal Community in 1982. The town has memorial cairns to George Taplin, Captain Charles Sturt and David Unaipon. The old church has good stained glass windows and an interesting interior with no central church aisle which is most unusual. George Taplin’s cottage from the 1860s is now the Raukkan Gallery and museum.

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Category: ImagesTag: Australia., cairn, Charles, Fish, great, Memorial, Museum, Raukkan, River, South, Sturt